실피움퍼르폴리아툼-Silphium perfoliatum

과명	Asteraceae (국화과)	속명	Silphium (실피움속)
전체학명	[정명] Silphium perfoliatum L.	추천명	실피움퍼르폴리아툼
이명		외국	Cup plant ,국화먹이풀

추천명변경: 퍼르폴리아툼실피움 -> 실피움 퍼르폴리아툼

Silphium perfoliatum, the cup plant or cup-plant, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to eastern and central North America. It is an erect herbaceous perennial with triangular toothed leaves, and daisy-like yellow composite flower heads in summer.

The specific epithet perfoliatum means "through the leaf."

There are two varieties:-

• Silphium perfoliatum var. connatum
• Silphium perfoliatum var. perfoliatum.

Common names

• Cup plant
• Cup-plant
• Carpenter's weed
• Cup rosinweed
• Compass plant
• Pilot weed
• Squareweed
• Indian cup

Description

 

Line drawing of S. perfoliatum from An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions

 

A flower cluster

 

Macro view of flower head

Habitat and distribution

 

North American Distribution of Silphium perfoliatum

Silphium perfoliatum grows in sandy moist bottom lands, floodplains, near stream beds, in or adjacent to open woodland. Currently, it can be found in the following states: USA (AL, AR, CT, GA, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, ND, NE, NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA, SD, TN, VA, VT, WI, WV), CAN (ON, QC) 

Silphium perfoliatum is listed as a threatened species in Michigan, but is listed as a prohibited and highly invasive plant species in New York State.

Morphology of the plant

The typical height of S. perfoliatum plant ranges from 1–2.5 m (3–8 ft). The stem is stout, smooth, slightly hairy (glabrous) strongly 4-angled square, like mint plants. The leaves are opposite, toothed and ovate. The petioles are widely winged and fused around the stem, forming a cup. The first flower develops on the tip of the main stem, then more flowers develop on side branches.

Morphology of the flowers

The flowers, which appear from midsummer to autumn (fall), look very similar to sunflowers, but are a lot smaller; measuring about 2.5 cm in diameter, with golden yellow ray florets. In the middle of the flower there are small, sterile, tubular disk florets, which are structurally bisexual, but the stamens are the only fertile part, and they do not produce seeds. The corollas are tubular, 5-toothed, and the style is undivided.

Generative reproduction

 

Seed head and seeds – MHNT

The ray florets have female characteristics, and eventually develop to become thin brown achenes with a marginal wing utilized for wind dispersal. Insect pollinators including bees, butterflies, and skippers help to cross-fertilize flowers to produce seeds. 20 to 30 seeds are created in each flower head. Each seed is about 9 to 15 mm long, 6–9 mm wide, flattened in shape, with a thickness of 1 mm.

Vegetative reproduction

Silphium perfoliatum is able to establish colonies due to its central taproot system and shallow rhizomes. A multi-rhizomed clone originating from a single seed is believed to be 15 years old. The roots found in botanical gardens have been estimated to be more than 50 years old. S. perfoliatum has an extensive root system and does not transplant well except when very young.

Habitat and hardiness

Silphium perfoliatum's metabolic pathway is the C3 carbon fixation. This plant is highly adapted to endure extreme weather and inhospitable conditions. For example, during the winter, the roots remain dormant and can survive temperatures as low as −30 °C (−22 °F). Its optimal growing temperature is 20 °C (68 °F).

Silphium perfoliatum - Wikipedia

 

https://youtu.be/oz9I2YwmV8M