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Vanilla planifolia Andrews식물/들꽃-난초과(Orchidaceae) 2024. 1. 31. 20:54
국표에 없다.
Vanilla planifolia is a species of vanilla orchid native to Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Brazil. It is one of the primary sources for vanilla flavouring, due to its high vanillin content. Common names include flat-leaved vanilla, and West Indian vanilla (also used for the Pompona vanilla, V. pompona). Often, it is simply referred to as "the vanilla". It was first scientifically named in 1808. With the species' population in decline and its habitats being converted to other purposes, the IUCN has assessed Vanilla planifolia as Endangered.
Description
Vanilla planifolia grows as an evergreen vine, either on the ground or on trees. It will sometimes grow as an epiphyte without rooting in the soil. When rooted in the soil its terrestrial roots are branched and develop fine root hairs associated with mycorrhizal fungus. In the wild it easily grows to 15 meters in length, and may grow to as much as 30 meters. When growing in full shade the vine will very seldom branch, but when in sunlight it will develop multiple branches. Younger parts of the vine, well attached to their support, will have a zig-zag structure with an angle of about 120° at each node. To cling to trees or other surfaces it has thick, fleshy aerial roots that develop from the nodes. These aerial support roots almost never branch and are only present on younger parts of the vine while the older parts of the vine will hang down through the canopy to the forest floor. On the nodes opposite the root nodes it has a single flat bladed succulent leaf. When full grown the glossy, bright green leaves are 8–25 cm in length and 2–8 cm wide, lanceolate to oval in shape with a pointed tip. Leaves last for three to four years if not damaged.
[ 바닐라 플라니폴리아는 땅 위나 나무 위에서 상록 덩굴로 자란다. 그것은 때때로 토양에 뿌리를 내리지 않고 착생 식물로 자랄 것입니다. 토양에 뿌리를 내리면 육상 뿌리가 분지되어 균근 균류와 관련된 미세한 뿌리 털이 생깁니다. 야생에서는 길이가 15 미터까지 쉽게 자라며 30 미터까지 자랄 수 있습니다. 완전한 그늘에서 자랄 때 포도 나무는 거의 가지가 나지 않지만 햇빛이 들면 여러 가지 가지가 생길 것입니다. 그들의 지지체에 잘 부착된 포도 나무의 더 어린 부분은 각 노드에서 약 120 °의 각도를 갖는 지그재그 구조를 가질 것이다. 나무 나 다른 표면에 달라 붙기 위해 노드에서 발생하는 두껍고 다육 질의 공중 뿌리가 있습니다. 이 공중 지원 뿌리는 거의 가지가 나지 않으며 포도 나무의 더 오래된 부분이 캐노피를 통해 숲 바닥에 매달려있는 동안 포도 나무의 더 어린 부분에만 존재합니다. 루트 노드 맞은 편 노드에는 단일 플랫 블레이드 즙이 많은 리프가 있습니다. 광택이 나는 밝은 녹색 잎은 길이 8x25cm, 너비 2x8cm로 피침 모양으로 타원형이며 끝이 뾰족하다. 잎은 손상되지 않으면 3 ~ 4 년 동안 지속됩니다.]
Flowers
The flowers come from an axillary cluster that will have 12–20 buds. The flowers are greenish-yellow, with a diameter of 5 cm (2 in) and only have a slight scent. The flowers require pollination to set fruit, but open in the morning and usually fade in rising temperatures of the same afternoon. Though each flower lasts only one day, the flowering of Vanilla planifolia takes place over a period of two months once a year. In the native lowland forest habitat flowering takes place in April and May towards the end of the dry season. The plants are self-fertile, and pollination simply requires a transfer of the pollen from the anther to the stigma, but have a structure to prevent this from happening without intervention. In the wild, there is only around a 1% chance that the flowers will be pollinated.
[ 이 꽃들은 12x20개의 꽃봉오리가 있는 겨드랑이 군집에서 나온다. 꽃은 녹황색으로 지름 5cm(2인치)이며 약간의 향기만 난다. 꽃은 열매를 맺기 위해 수분을 필요로하지만 아침에 열리고 보통 같은 오후의 기온 상승으로 사라집니다. 각 꽃은 하루만 지속되지만 바닐라 플라니 폴리아의 개화는 일년에한 번 두 달 동안 진행됩니다. 네이티브 저지대 숲 서식지에서 개화는 건기가 끝날 무렵 4 월과 5 월에 열립니다. 식물은 자급 자족하며 수분은 꽃가루를 꽃밥에서 오명으로 옮겨야하지만 개입없이 이러한 일이 발생하지 않도록하는 구조를 가지고 있습니다. 야생에서는 꽃이 수분 될 확률이 약 1 %에 불과합니다.]
Fruit
Vanilla planifolia cluster of green pods
Fruit is produced only on mature plants, which are generally over 3 m (10 ft) long. The fruits are 15–23 cm (6–9 in) long pods (often incorrectly called beans). Outwardly they resemble small bananas. They mature after about eight to nine months.
[ 열매는 일반적으로 3m (10ft) 이상의 성숙한 식물에서만 생산됩니다. 열매는 길이 15∼23cm(6∼9인치)의 꼬투리(종종 콩이라고 잘못 부르기도 한다)로 겉으로 보기에는 작은 바나나를 닮았다. 그들은 약 8개월에서 9개월 후에 성숙합니다.]
Distribution and habitat
Vanilla planifolia is a native of the neotropical realm,
from southern Mexico through Central America, Colombia, and the northern portions of Brazil. Previously it had been thought to be native to just southern Mexico and Belize. Because of cultivation it has additionally spread to a number of tropical areas including south Florida, the Cayman Islands, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, tropical portions of Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, French Guiana, Suriname, and Guyana in the Americas. It is also recorded as growing in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, Comoros, Bangladesh, the Malay Peninsula, the island of Java, the Chagos Archipelago, Cook Island, the Island of New Guinea, and New Caledonia.
Vanilla planifolia requires a humid, warm tropical climate and grows best between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F) in humid conditions. It can only accept a minimum of 10 °C (50 °F) and a maximum of 33 °C (91 °F). Minimum rainfall requirements are about 2000 mm per year. For good growth it also needs a soil with plenty of available calcium and potassium. It also prefers well-draining soils and a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. The natural altitude range is from 150 to 900 meters. To trigger flowering it requires a dry period in the spring.
Due to human land uses for crops and timber the required habitat for Vanilla planifolia has become very reduced and fragmented. The number of mature individuals in the wild is declining and the amount of suitable habitat also continues to decline. The IUCN assessed it as endangered in 2017, publishing it in 2020.
Vanilla planifolia - Wikipedia
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