Copiapoa calderana F.Ritter

국표에는 없다.

Origin and Habitat: Coastal deserts of northern Chile, Antofagasta, south of Mejillones peninsula to Miguel Díaz and in Atacama littoral zone north of Caldera (3ª region of Copiapó). Extent of occurrence 8,260 km2.
Altitude range. Copiapoa calderana grows at elevations of 0 to 1,000 metres above sea level.
Habitat: These plants live mainly in the generally rocky coastal hills (lomas costeras), in extremely dry areas with very rare rainfall. The dry season lasts 8 to 12 months and in some years it is possible to have no rainfall at all. In the northern part of the range the plants obtain water mainly from the frequent coastal fog (camanchaca), which provides a significant part of their water needs. The long tuberous root of this copiapoa is buried deeply in these soils which are very poor in organic matter. The superficial layer is completely composed of "maicillo" (granite) and in the deepest levels are very dense clays which are able to retain some water throughout the summer. Copiapoa calderana has a relatively restricted range, but is abundant, there is no continuing decline, it occurs within protected areas, and the threats occur only in portions of the species range. The plant is sporadically collected as an ornamental locally and for specialized collection. The seeds are easy to find in trade, hence the pressure on wild populations is not significant. The populations on the coast are threatened by development of urbanization, tourism and the construction of industrial harbours.

Description: Copiapoa calderana is a beautiful solitary or loosely clumping cactus, often known in cultivation with the not validly published Bakeberg's name Copiapoa lembckei. The apical meristem is protected by greysh wool, which shades developing flower buds and fruits. The yellow flowers have a hard time coming through the dense mass of spines. Two subspecies are recognized by Hunt et al. (2006), the nominate and subsp. atacamensis (Middled.) D.R.Hunt.

Derivation of specific name: The name comes from the coastal zone north of Caldera (Chile) which is its habitat.
Stem: Dull greenish or greyish-green, not pruinose (without white coating), depressed spherical or cylindrical, 15(-30) cm tall, 5-10 cm in diameter. Apex densely woolly, grey.
Ribs: 10 to 17 broad and blunt 6-10 mm tall and only slightly tuberculate (tubercles more conspicuous in seedlings).
Areoles: Circular, 4-7 mm across, yellowish-grey, later black, c. 6 mm apart.
Spines: Thin to thick, acicular-subulate, straight or almost straight, reddish brown to black, but also amber or yellow slowly ageing to grey.
Central spines: 1( to 2), 2.2 to 3 cm long (to 4 cm long at least in var. spinosior Ritter).
Radial spines: 4 to 7, 1.3 to 1.5 cm long.
Roots: Long, tuberous with a contracted neck which is easily broken.
Flowers: Produced at the stems apex, scented, funnel-shaped, slightly compressedand not opening fully, light yellow, 2.5 to 3.5 cm in length, 3 cm wide. Nectaries 2-3 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, half open. Receptacle pale yellow-green with several large reddish-brown scales, funnel-shaped, 6-9 mm long, 10-12 mm wide at the top.
Blooming season: Spring and summer.
Fruits: Pale green, reddish above to 15 mm long.
Seeds: Glossy, black 1.5 x 1 mm.
Remarks: This appears to be a very variable species.

Copiapoa calderana (llifle.com)

 

https://youtu.be/iF6UuKC7k_M